Implementation of markerless augmented reality and cyber physical-social systems for smart tourism application

Abstract

Lampung province holds substantial tourism potential that remains underutilized due to fragmented information and limited promotional strategies. This study introduces a smart tourism application integrating markerless augmented reality (AR) with cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS), representing the first implementation of its kind for location-based tourism in the region. The novelty lies in the hierarchical coordinate transformation architecture (HCTA), a multi-layer computational framework employing the Haversine formula to achieve high-precision mapping of geographic coordinates into AR-optimized perceptual views. The system was evaluated for geolocation accuracy, resource utilization, backend scalability, AR rendering robustness, and user experience. Results show strong performance: geolocation tests across seven destinations yielded a mean error rate of 1.5%; AR operations remained efficient with 8–10% central processing unit (CPU) and 140–160 MB random access memory (RAM) usage; and rendering was stable across 360° device orientation. Backend tests confirmed scalability, sustaining 56 requests per second with zero failures under 100 concurrent users. A user study with 20 participants using the user experience questionnaire-short (UEQ-S) revealed highly positive outcomes, with overall scores 2.275, all within the Excellent benchmark. These findings confirm that the application is not only technically robust and efficient but also engaging and enjoyable, offering a scalable framework for immersive smart tourism ecosystems.