Integration of public electric vehicle charging stations into a single gateway platform for net zero emissions goals

Abstract

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia necessitates robust charging infrastructure. However, a major challenge is the highly fragmented network of public EV charging stations (SPKLU). Various operators utilize disparate protocols, resulting in isolated data silos and user range anxiety. This study proposes a nationally scalable application programming interface (API)-based gateway for cross-operator SPKLU integration. The system uses an event-driven internet of things (IoT) push mechanism. A standardized JavaScript object notation (JSON) API ensures interoperability and normalizes heterogeneous SPKLU data into a unified national dashboard. Pilot testing across 20 SPKLU locations in 10 major Indonesian cities validated cross-regional network reliability. The results demonstrate successful real-time status synchronization with a low margin of error (MoE) of 4.65%. To mitigate minor discrepancies caused by temporary network latency, a user interface (UI)-level timestamp transparency feature is proposed. Furthermore, by utilizing dynamic, region specific grid emission factors, the system accurately recorded an aggregated electricity consumption of approximately 3.5 million kWh in June 2025. This translates to an estimated 2.7 million kgCO₂eq in carbon emissions. Ultimately, this centralized platform eliminates information asymmetry for users. It also lays a crucial foundation for future smart grid integration, artificial intelligence (AI)-based demand forecasting, and Indonesia’s net zero emission (NZE) targets.